Samuel Gras, who holds a PhD in Medieval Art History from the University of Lille, has been assistant lecturer at the University of Lille and has been awarded scholarships in Spain, the United States and the Netherlands. He is the author of many studies on painting and miniatures in the Middle Ages as well as on artistic transfers between France, Flanders, Italy and Spain (fourteenth−sixteenth centuries) and manuscript collecting. As a scientific collaborator at the Biblioteca Nacional de España he has helped start up the Proyecto Codex, which sets out to study the institution’s entire holdings of illuminated manuscripts. In this connection he has worked on the Hours of Charles V and has edited the proceedings of the international conference HispaNord / Proyecto Codex together with Anne-Marie Legaré.